According to the International Dairy Federation (IDF), 748.7 million tons of raw milk was produced in 2011, of which cowвЂ™s milk accounted for 620.7 million tons. The dairy industry is a dynamic global business, which plays an important role in the sustainability of the economies of many countries. In this review, we highlight the problems caused by these microorganisms, and discuss issues relating to their prevalence, monitoring thereof and control with respect to the dairy industry. Common controlling approaches include specific cleaning-in-place processes, chemical and biological biocides and other novel methods. Hence, adequate monitoring and control measures are essential to prevent spoilage and ensure consumer safety. Indeed, previous studies have highlighted that these microorganisms are highly prevalent in dead ends, corners, cracks, crevices, gaskets, valves and the joints of stainless steel equipment used in the dairy manufacturing plants. These single or multiple-species biofilms become a reservoir of spoilage microorganisms and a cycle of contamination can be initiated. Aerobic spore-forming bacteria, such as those from the genera Sporosarcina, Paenisporosarcina, Brevibacillus, Paenibacillus, Geobacillus and Bacillus, are a particular concern in this regard as they are able to survive industrial pasteurization and form biofilms within pipes and stainless steel equipment. Bacterial contaminants can cause disease, or spoilage of milk and its secondary products. The quality of milk is monitored via somatic cell counts and total bacterial counts, with prescribed regulatory limits to ensure quality and safety. Milk produced in udder cells is sterile but due to its high nutrient content, it can be a good growth substrate for contaminating bacteria. 4College of Science, Engineering and Food Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.3APC Microbiome Institute, Cork, Ireland.2School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.1Teagasc Food Research Centre, Cork, Ireland.

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